Genome-Wide Analysis of Methylation Dynamics in Salmonella enterica Using Oxford Nanopore Technology

Anna Ershova (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland)

16:25 - 16:35 Tuesday 04 November Afternoon

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Abstract

"Epigenetic regulation in bacteria is a growing area of interest, but most studies focus on individual DNA methyltransferases or a single bacterial state, which is typically the stationary phase. In this study, we compared genome-wide DNA methylation patterns associated with all eleven methyltransferase genes encoded by Salmonella enterica strain 4/74 at two distinct growth stages: mid-exponential and late stationary. Oxford Nanopore sequencing was used to generate methylation profiles, which were integrated with transcriptomic and genomic data to explore links between methylation and DNA methyltransferase gene expression. Genomic DNA was extracted from cells harvested at OD₆₀₀ 0.3 (mid-exponential phase, MEP) and after 16 hours of growth (late stationary phase, LSP), with two biological replicates per condition. Libraries were prepared using the Genomic DNA Ligation Sequencing Kit V14 and sequenced on MinION flow cells (R10.4). Methylation calling was performed using Dorado v0.8.3 and Modkit v0.4.4, with downstream analysis and visualisation using custom R scripts. We defined the minimum sequencing depth required for robust methylation analysis and validated all six methylation motifs previously detected by PacBio sequencing. While genome-wide methylation patterns shifted between growth phases, these changes did not directly correlate with expression levels of the corresponding methyltransferases. Notably, regulatory methyltransferases and those associated with Restriction–Modification systems displayed distinct methylation patterns. Our findings demonstrate that DNA methylation in S. enterica is growth-phase dependent, highlighting the potential for complex epigenetic regulation in bacterial adaptation."

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