Vaccines have made an enormous contribution to human health but not everyone has equal access to them. This is particularly true for vaccines that are new to the market. Making vaccines more affordable is a route towards more equitable access. However, creating high-quality affordable vaccines requires planning and innovation at all stages of development and manufacturing, a science in itself. Here I will use specific examples of how vaccines can be made more affordable alongside covering how to bring these to the market where they are accessible to the very poorest communities.