Exploring Genomic Determinants of Virulence, Pathogenesis, and Plasmid-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Bareilly NH2

Hafiza Noor ul Huda (Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan)

12:30 - 12:45 Wednesday 15 April Morning

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Abstract

Food can serve as a medium to transport and support pathogens including multi-drug resistant isolates. This study employed Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) to characterize a coriander-borne Salmonella enterica Bareilly NH2 strain, which revealed key genomic traits of public health significance, Although the NH2 strain was not associated with severe clinical resistance, S. enterica serovar Bareilly is increasingly recognized as an emerging pathogen with significant public health relevance. Comprehensive genomic analysis uncovered, (1) virulence determinants which includes Type III secretion systems (T3SS), multiple pathogenicity islands (SPI-1 to SPI-5), and biofilm-associated genes (bssR, fim operon), (2) a functional Type I-E CRISPR-Cas system featuring cas1, cas2, cas3 and cse1-4 genes with conserved repeats and spacers, indicating adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements, and (3) diverse mobile genetic elements including prophages (Gifsy, Entero SfV) and a 29 kb phage-plasmid hybrid. The CRISPR-Cas system's potential roles in genome stability, phage defense, and possibly bile salt resistance was highlighted. Phylogenomic analysis revealed genetic relatedness to S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis (dDDH >90%) with evidence of genomic rearrangements. The strain harbored multiple efflux pumps (AcrAB-TolC, MdtABC) and stress-response genes enhancing environmental persistence. These findings underscore the combined threats of virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and adaptive CRISPR-mediated immunity in fresh produce-associated Salmonella, emphasizing the need for enhanced genomic surveillance in food safety systems to mitigate transmission risks.

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