17 - 19 September 2024
We would like to invite you to the 4th International Blastocystis Conference that will take place in Heraklion (Crete, Greece), between 17–18 September 2024. The day after the conference (19 September 2024) we will organise two parallel optional workshops, one on the Epidemiology of Blastocystis (Working Group 1 of the COST Action) and the other one on subtyping (Working Group 2 of the COST Action).
The Blastocystis conferences aim to gather leading researchers in the field to promote and stimulate cross-disciplinary interactions and establish long-term international collaborations. Renowned scientists will present plenary lectures on current topics. Young investigators are especially encouraged to participate and they will be given priority to present.
The conference is co-sponsored by the Microbiology Society and the Blastocystis Under One Health COST Action.
Further information will be announced in the build up to the meeting on our social media channels and you can follow us on Twitter @MicrobioSoc using the hashtag #Blastocystis24
Daisy Shaw (University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom)
11:15 - 11:35
Anastasios Tsaousis
11:35 - 11:55
Sergio Andres Castañeda Garzon, Statens Serum Institut and University of the Rosary, Colombia
12:00 - 12:10
Marianna Marangi, University of Foggia, Italy
12:10 - 12:20
Marie Pažoutová, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic
12:20 - 12:40
Elisa Piperni, European Institute of Oncology, Italy
14:30 - 14:50
Jeffrey Tomiak, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark and University of Stavanger, Norway
14:50 - 15:00
Iliya Kwoji, Charles University, Czech Republic
15:00 - 15:10
Jolana Havlová, Charles University, Czech Republic
15:10 - 15:15
Zuzana Pavlíčková, Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic
15:15 - 15:20
Anastasios Tsaousis, University of Kent, UK
15:20 - 15:40
Ayman A. El-Badry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
16:15 - 16:25
Carolina Hernández-Castro, University of Antioquia, Colombia
16:25 - 16:35
Constance Denoyelle, Institut Pasteur of Lille, France
16:35 - 16:45
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
16:45 - 16:50
Daisy Shaw, University of Kent, UK
16:50 - 16:55
Erjona Abazaj, Institute of Public Health, Albania
16:55 - 17:00
Kateřina Jirků, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic
17:00 - 17:05
INES SIFAOUI, The University of La Laguna, Spain
17:05 - 17:15
Varol TUNALI, Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine Parasitology Department , Turkey
17:15 - 17:25
Chairs: Graham Clark The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK and Pauline Scanlan, University College Cork, Ireland
17:30 - 19:00
Ana M. Figueiredo, University of Aveiro, Portugal
09:45 - 09:55
Isabel Guadano Procesi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
09:55 - 10:05
Barbara Šoba, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
10:05 - 10:15
Michaela Kaduková, University of veterinary medicine and pharmacy in Košice, Slovakia
10:15 - 10:20
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
10:20 - 10:25
Carolina Hernández-Castro, University of Antioquia, Colombia
10:25 - 10:30
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
10:30 - 10:35
Carolina Hernández-Castro, University of Antioquia, Colombia
10:35 - 10:40
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
10:40 - 10:45
Ayman A. El-Badry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
11:15 - 11:35
Lidia Goterris Bonet, Microgiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Universitary Hospital, Spain
11:35 - 11:40
Karolína Litošová, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Charles University, Czech Republic
11:40 - 11:45
Anna Lass, Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Tropical Parasitology, Poland
11:45 - 11:50
Gordana Kozoderović, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Education in Sombor, Serbia
11:50 - 11:55
Hafidh AKKARI, National veterinary school of Sidithabet, Tunisia
11:55 - 12:00
Özgür Kurt, Acibadem University School of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology, Turkiye
12:00 - 12:05
Abi Girl Sanda, University of Kent, UK
12:05 - 12:15
Magali Chabé, Center for Infection & Immunity of Lille and University of Lille, France
14:00 - 14:20
Eylem Akdur OZTÜRK, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Turkey
14:20 - 14:30
Yaseen Majid Salman Al-Adilee, University of Kent, UK and Ninevah University, Iraq
14:30 - 14:40
Kristýna Brožová, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic
14:40 - 14:45
Erdogan Malatyali, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Türkiye
14:45 - 14:50
Gabriela Štrkolcová, University of veterinary medicine and pharmacy in Košice, Slovakia
14:50 - 14:55
Daphne Mavrides, University of Nicosia Veterinary School, Cyprus
14:55 - 15:00
Yaseen Majid Salman Al-Adilee, University of Kent, UK
15:00 - 15:05
Liliana Rojas-Velázquez, Experimental Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico
15:05 - 15:15
Marianna Marangi, University of Foggia, Italy
15:15 - 15:25
Anastasios Tsaousis, University of Kent, UK
16:30 - 18:30
Eleni Gentekaki, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
16:30 - 18:30
Rune Stensvold, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
16:30 - 18:30
Hisao Yoshikawa, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, JAPAN
16:30 - 18:30
Andrew Roger, Dalhousie University, Canada
16:30 - 18:30
Funda Doğruman Al, University of Gazi, Türkiye
16:30 - 18:30
15:00 - 15:30
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
15:30 - 15:50
Pikka Jokelainen, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
15:50 - 16:10
Eylem Akdur-Ozturk, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Ana Figueiredo, Özgür Kurt
16:10 - 16:30
Facilitators: Funda Dogruman-Al, David Carmena, Eylem Akdur-Ozturk, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Ana Figueiredo
17:00 - 18:00
Facilitators: Funda Dogruman-Al, David Carmena, Eylem Akdur-Ozturk, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Ana Figueiredo, Ayman el-Badri
18:00 - 18:50
18:50 - 19:00
15:00 - 15:15
Graham Clark,The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
15:15 - 15:50
Eleni Gentekaki, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
15:50 - 16:30
Rune Stensvold, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
17:00 - 18:00
Facilitators: Anastasios Tsaousis, Eleni Gentekaki, Rune Stensvold
18:00 - 18:50
18:50 - 19:00
Registration
08:00 - 09:30
Anastasios Tsaousis Welcome and Introductions
09:30 - 09:45
Graham Clark and Chair: Anastasios Tsaousis Plenary Talk: An overview on Blastocysits research
09:45 - 10:45
Break
10:45 - 11:15
Daisy Shaw (University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom) Session 1: Evolutionary Biology and advances in Omics
11:15 - 11:35
Anastasios Tsaousis Session 1: Evolutionary Biology and advances in Omics
11:35 - 11:55
Sergio Andres Castañeda Garzon, Statens Serum Institut and University of the Rosary, Colombia Session 2a: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
12:00 - 12:10
Marianna Marangi, University of Foggia, Italy Session 2a: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
12:10 - 12:20
Marie Pažoutová, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic Session 2a: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
12:20 - 12:40
Lunch Break and Poster session 1
12:40 - 14:30
Elisa Piperni, European Institute of Oncology, Italy Session 2b: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
14:30 - 14:50
Jeffrey Tomiak, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark and University of Stavanger, Norway Session 2b: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
14:50 - 15:00
Iliya Kwoji, Charles University, Czech Republic Session 2b: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
15:00 - 15:10
Jolana Havlová, Charles University, Czech Republic Session 2b: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
15:10 - 15:15
Zuzana Pavlíčková, Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic Session 2b: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
15:15 - 15:20
Anastasios Tsaousis, University of Kent, UK Session 2b: Intestinal Ecology (gut microbiome)
15:20 - 15:40
Coffee break
15:45 - 16:15
Ayman A. El-Badry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
16:15 - 16:25
Carolina Hernández-Castro, University of Antioquia, Colombia Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
16:25 - 16:35
Constance Denoyelle, Institut Pasteur of Lille, France Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
16:35 - 16:45
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
16:45 - 16:50
Daisy Shaw, University of Kent, UK Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
16:50 - 16:55
Erjona Abazaj, Institute of Public Health, Albania Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
16:55 - 17:00
Kateřina Jirků, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
17:00 - 17:05
INES SIFAOUI, The University of La Laguna, Spain Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
17:05 - 17:15
Varol TUNALI, Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine Parasitology Department , Turkey Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
17:15 - 17:25
Chairs: Graham Clark The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK and Pauline Scanlan, University College Cork, Ireland Session 3: Clinical significance and association(s) to gastrointestinal diseases
17:30 - 19:00
Funda Doğruman Al and Chair: Anastasios Tsaousis, University of Kent, UK Plenary Talk: An overview of Blastocystis epidemiology from One Health perspective
09:00 - 09:45
Ana M. Figueiredo, University of Aveiro, Portugal Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
09:45 - 09:55
Isabel Guadano Procesi, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
09:55 - 10:05
Barbara Šoba, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
10:05 - 10:15
Michaela Kaduková, University of veterinary medicine and pharmacy in Košice, Slovakia Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
10:15 - 10:20
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
10:20 - 10:25
Carolina Hernández-Castro, University of Antioquia, Colombia Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
10:25 - 10:30
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
10:30 - 10:35
Carolina Hernández-Castro, University of Antioquia, Colombia Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
10:35 - 10:40
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Session 4: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
10:40 - 10:45
Break
10:45 - 11:15
Ayman A. El-Badry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
11:15 - 11:35
Lidia Goterris Bonet, Microgiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Universitary Hospital, Spain Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
11:35 - 11:40
Karolína Litošová, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Charles University, Czech Republic Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
11:40 - 11:45
Anna Lass, Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Tropical Parasitology, Poland Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
11:45 - 11:50
Gordana Kozoderović, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Education in Sombor, Serbia Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
11:50 - 11:55
Hafidh AKKARI, National veterinary school of Sidithabet, Tunisia Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
11:55 - 12:00
Özgür Kurt, Acibadem University School of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology, Turkiye Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
12:00 - 12:05
Abi Girl Sanda, University of Kent, UK Session 5: Diagnosis and Molecular Characterisation
12:05 - 12:15
Lunch Break and Poster session 2
12:25 - 14:00
Magali Chabé, Center for Infection & Immunity of Lille and University of Lille, France Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
14:00 - 14:20
Eylem Akdur OZTÜRK, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Turkey Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
14:20 - 14:30
Yaseen Majid Salman Al-Adilee, University of Kent, UK and Ninevah University, Iraq Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
14:30 - 14:40
Kristýna Brožová, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
14:40 - 14:45
Erdogan Malatyali, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Türkiye Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
14:45 - 14:50
Gabriela Štrkolcová, University of veterinary medicine and pharmacy in Košice, Slovakia Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
14:50 - 14:55
Daphne Mavrides, University of Nicosia Veterinary School, Cyprus Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
14:55 - 15:00
Yaseen Majid Salman Al-Adilee, University of Kent, UK Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
15:00 - 15:05
Liliana Rojas-Velázquez, Experimental Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
15:05 - 15:15
Marianna Marangi, University of Foggia, Italy Session 6: Epidemiology and One Health
15:15 - 15:25
Coffee break and Poster Session
15:30 - 16:30
Anastasios Tsaousis, University of Kent, UK CA21105 WG5 workshop: 100+ years of Blastocystis research: Past, present, and future - A celebration for Graham Clark’s retirement
16:30 - 18:30
Eleni Gentekaki, University of Nicosia, Cyprus CA21105 WG5 workshop: 100+ years of Blastocystis research: Past, present, and future - A celebration for Graham Clark’s retirement
16:30 - 18:30
Rune Stensvold, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark CA21105 WG5 workshop: 100+ years of Blastocystis research: Past, present, and future - A celebration for Graham Clark’s retirement
16:30 - 18:30
Hisao Yoshikawa, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, JAPAN CA21105 WG5 workshop: 100+ years of Blastocystis research: Past, present, and future - A celebration for Graham Clark’s retirement
16:30 - 18:30
Andrew Roger, Dalhousie University, Canada CA21105 WG5 workshop: 100+ years of Blastocystis research: Past, present, and future - A celebration for Graham Clark’s retirement
16:30 - 18:30
Funda Doğruman Al, University of Gazi, Türkiye CA21105 WG5 workshop: 100+ years of Blastocystis research: Past, present, and future - A celebration for Graham Clark’s retirement
16:30 - 18:30
Anastasios Tsaousis, University of Kent, UK Closing remarks and awards
18:30 - 19:00
Conference Dinner - Ariadni restaurant, Aquila Atlantis Hotel
20:00 - 22:00
COST's Early Careers group Morning sessions
09:30 - 11:30
Anastasios Tsaousis, University of Kent, UK Morning sessions
11:30 - 13:00
Lunch break
13:00 - 14:00
(free time)
14:00 - 15:00
WG1 Workshop: Blastocystis Epidemiology
15:00 - 15:30
WG2 Workshop: Blastocystis subtyping
15:00 - 15:15
Graham Clark,The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK WG2 Workshop: Blastocystis subtyping
15:15 - 15:50
David Carmena, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain WG1 Workshop: Blastocystis Epidemiology
15:30 - 15:50
Pikka Jokelainen, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark WG1 Workshop: Blastocystis Epidemiology
15:50 - 16:10
Eleni Gentekaki, University of Nicosia, Cyprus WG2 Workshop: Blastocystis subtyping
15:50 - 16:30
Eylem Akdur-Ozturk, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Ana Figueiredo, Özgür Kurt WG1 Workshop: Blastocystis Epidemiology
16:10 - 16:30
Coffee break
16:30 - 17:00
Facilitators: Funda Dogruman-Al, David Carmena, Eylem Akdur-Ozturk, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Ana Figueiredo WG1 Workshop: Blastocystis Epidemiology
17:00 - 18:00
Rune Stensvold, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark WG2 Workshop: Blastocystis subtyping
17:00 - 18:00
Facilitators: Funda Dogruman-Al, David Carmena, Eylem Akdur-Ozturk, Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Ana Figueiredo, Ayman el-Badri WG1 Workshop: Blastocystis Epidemiology
18:00 - 18:50
Facilitators: Anastasios Tsaousis, Eleni Gentekaki, Rune Stensvold WG2 Workshop: Blastocystis subtyping
18:00 - 18:50
WG1 Workshop: Blastocystis Epidemiology
18:50 - 19:00
WG2 Workshop: Blastocystis subtyping
18:50 - 19:00
Registration is now closed.
Microbiology Society members get heavily subsidised registration fees for Annual Conference, Focused Meetings and other Society events – both online and in-person. Join now to enjoy these discounts and many other opportunities that are designed for microbiologists at all stages of their career.
All speakers and poster presenters will be attending in-person.
| Membership type – Excluding optional workshop (17 & 18 September 2024) | Full Price |
| Microbiology Society Full member – for those with an academic or professional interest in microbiology | € 375 |
| Microbiology Society Student member - for those registered for a higher degree / studying at undergraduate level | € 235 |
| Microbiology Society Concessionary member– for those with an academic or professional interest in microbiology earning less than £35,000 (or equivalent) per year | € 330 |
| Non-member | € 490 |
| Membership type – Including optional workshop (17, 18 & 19 September 2024) | Full Price |
| Microbiology Society Full member – for those with an academic or professional interest in microbiology | €375 |
| Microbiology Society Student member - for those registered for a higher degree / studying at undergraduate level | € 235 |
| Microbiology Society Concessionary member– for those with an academic or professional interest in microbiology earning less than £35,000 (or equivalent) per year | € 330 |
| Non-member | € 490 |
Upon registration, you should receive an automated confirmation email. Please contact [email protected] if, after 24 hours, this has not been received.
All registration fees must be paid in full BEFORE arrival at the conference. Any outstanding registration fees must be paid before admittance will be granted to the conference.
Refunds are not provided. However, substitutions of attendees can be made at any time before the event by contacting [email protected].
The abstract submission is now closed.
Both members and non-members of the Microbiology Society are welcome to submit an abstract for the meeting. All offered talks presentations and posters will be selected from the abstracts submitted. Once submissions are closed, they will be reviewed by the session organisers and submitters will be notified on a rolling basis. For those who have already submitted their abstracts by the initial deadline of 30th April 2024, notifications regarding acceptance, rejection, and presentation format (poster or oral) will be sent out in end of May. By submitting an abstract to this conference, you are indicating to the session organisers your commitment to attend the event.
Abstracts are welcome for any of the following topics:
Abstracts must be a maximum of 250 words. The Society has produced a guide to give delegates some tips on how to write a great abstract, which can be downloaded below:
Please note that the abstract is the only information session organisers use when deciding whether to accept your work for presentation as an offered oral or poster. If accepted, it will also be published in the abstract book for the meeting – so think carefully about what needs to be included.
The conference will take place at the Aquila Atlantis Hotel.
Aquila Atlantis Hotel is located at 2, Igeias Str., 71202 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
The property is located in Heraklion city centre only a 15-minute drive from Heraklion International Airport.
Aquila Atlantis Hotel offers a limited number of rooms with breakfast at a discount for conference delegates for the nights of 16–21 September 2024. Please see the special rates below.
|
Room type |
Use |
Rates |
|
Classic room Urban view (with window) |
Single │ Double |
140,00 € │ 157,00 € |
|
Executive room Harbor view (with balcony) |
Single │ Double |
176,00 € |
The above rates are per room / night on Bed & Breakfast basis (American type buffet) and do not include the Climate Crisis Resilience fee (10,00 € / room/ night), which is payable by the guests upon arrival.
Reservation link: https://aquilaatlantishotel.reserve-online.net/?bkcode=240916&checkin=2024-09-16
Note: Above availability is valid for reservations made (through link) the latest until 15 May 2024. After the above mentioned date, room reservations will be subject to the Hotel’s availability.
Rooms’ Cancellation Policy
Payment Policy (for reservations via link)
If you have any questions or need assistance with accommodation arrangements, please email the Aquila Atlantis Hotel reservations team at [email protected]. They will be happy to assist you with any inquiries.
Reservations: [email protected]
Telephone number: +30 2818 100 100
Contact person: Mrs. Marilena Serlidaki
Car Parking:
Private parking onsite at the venue is available for a limited number of vehicles.
Airport:
Heraklion International Airport, Heraklion Nikos Kazantzakis, AIRPORT, Heraklion, GR, 71408 71408 Heraklion.
Please note that delegates can apply for both grants below but will receive funding for only one.
COST Action CA21105 will reimburse a certain amount of travel and other expenses to successful applicants. We hope to showcase our Blastocystis Action’s main achievements and extend our network. This conference will be an opportunity to create new collaborations and to reinforce existing ones, contribute to the progress of our Action’s work. The reimbursement of incurred expenses for accommodation, meals, and short distance travel (defined as less or equal to 100 km one way) is paid as one lump-sum amount of 193 Euros per day.
COST Action grant is now closed.
Applications for the Society Events Grant to support members attending Blastocystis 2024 will open on 12 June and close on 27 June at 23:59 BST.
Grants will act as contribution towards registration, travel, and accommodation expenses only.
Eligibility requirements:
Eligible membership categories:
Minimum membership period required:
A minimum membership period of one year and two consecutive membership payments is required. Postgraduate and Undergraduate with three year memberships will need to have completed one year memberships will need to have completed one year (three-year membership payment constitutes consecutive payment).
Please read all information carefully on the Society Events Grant page before submitting an application for funding.
As part of the preparations for Microbiology Society events due to be held in 2024, the Microbiology Society Council has further discussed the implementation of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 mitigations and has agreed the following:
Personal responsibility:
Attendance at any Microbiology Society event is a personal choice, and Council expects delegates to take personal responsibility for their actions to minimise the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Ventilation:
The Microbiology Society will continue to work with venues to seek assurance that these are adequately ventilated.
Vaccination and pre-event testing:
We strongly urge all delegates to ensure they are as fully vaccinated as practicable, which we recognise will depend on their age and home country, and to test before travelling to any of our events. Delegates should not attend if they test positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, should they wish to, delegates should feel comfortable wearing a mask in any of our venues.
Mask usage and lateral flow tests:
A limited number of masks (FFP3) and lateral flow tests will be available upon request at all Microbiology Society events should any delegates wish to use them. However, these will not be routinely supplied.
The Microbiology Society Council will continue to monitor the situation and update these mitigations as required.